There has been much feedback and lively debate on last week’s post about Czerny and his legacy of studies and exercises. It seems some piano teachers firmly believe in assigning them, whereas others are dead against them. Some take the middle path and may use them (and studies by other composers) when necessary.
When discussing this controversial subject, I feel there are certain things that need to be clarified. Let’s first of all distinguish between an exercise and and a study, since these two are certainly not the same thing:
Exercise
- Often short – a contraption for practising and mastering a specific mechanical or technical goal
- Not usually very complex, with just one basic pattern (usually repeated several times)
- Easy to memorise
- No pretensions toward artistic merit
Study
- A more extended composition with elements of musical form and structure
- For practising and mastering a specific mechanical or technical goal
- May be satisfying for the player, not usually so for the listener!
Concert Study
- The artistic content is of sufficient quality that it can stand alone as a piece of music
- The listener can appreciate it as a work of art without the need to know anything of the demands it makes on the player
One thing that strikes me a vital in all discussion on this subject, that should be emblazoned above the door on all practice rooms:
HOW we do a study or exercise matters more than WHAT we do
When I studied Peter Feuchtwanger’s exercises with him back in the early 90s, I quickly came to appreciate this truth. The exercises themselves would look simplistic on paper and actually cannot really be taught from the printed page. Proper realisation of them relies on demonstration and communicating how they should look and – above all – feel. Practising them any old way would be a waste of time, and at the end of it all you would not have derived an ounce of benefit from them. So it is with Czerny studies, finger exercises or any technical work come to that. A Hanon exercise can be beneficial if done well, or detrimental if done badly.
For any technical gains to be made, we need the full involvement of the ear and the mind. We need a specific aim when practising – we simply can’t afford to go onto autopilot, think of what we’re going to have for dinner and hope the fingers will somehow do it all by themselves. It is hard to stay fully focussed during a daily ablution ritual of dull finger exercises and studies and unless the specific technical skill you are aiming to achieve is done immaculately, you are not developing your technique. I would go further – not only does the passagework in a Czerny study in velocity, for example, have to be even and rhythmical it must also sound good and feel good. Quality of tone and physical ease and comfort are absolutes in the acquisition of any technical skill, not simply scrambling through a study by repeating it over and over, somehow managing to get through it. The playing needs to be consistent and to have at least some of the hallmarks of performance – being able to produce the goods when required in front of a listener, even if that listener is the teacher.
The three books that make up The Virtuoso Pianist by Charles-Louis Hanon have been a mainstay with piano students since they were first published in 1872. It is interesting to note that Hanon had up until then been active as an organist and, through his own publishing house, had published various works, mostly method books. He was not known as a pianist. Because of its success in the Exposition Universelle (Paris’ third World’s Fair) in 1878, as well as through his acute business acumen, Hanon managed to get The Virtuoso Pianist accepted into various conservatories, and it was quickly adopted by piano students. And they are still at it!
I wouldn’t want you to think I am dead against these exercises. While they certainly do have their uses if done intelligently, they are so often done mindlessly, and lend themselves to this treatment. This is one of their pitfalls. The instruction to crank up the metronome with each repetition already implies a lot of extra time, as does having to play through a whole book in one sitting. Time that might be better spent on music? For those aspiring to serious pianist status, knowing they have to practise for x number of hours per day, Hanon is a gift! It fills in loads of time and costs very little by way of concentration (after a while). I question what it actually achieves, apart from dulling the imagination and the ear, and causing the fingers to operate like little pistons (insistence on this is positively detrimental to skillful and artistic modern piano playing).
For a long time we have been acting against nature by training our fingers to be all equally powerful. As each finger is differently formed, it’s better not to attempt to destroy the particular charm of each one’s touch but on the contrary to develop it. Each finger’s power is determined by its shape: the thumb having the most power, being the broadest, shortest and freest; the fifth [finger] as the other extremity of the hand; the third as the middle and the pivot; then the second [illegible]. And then the fourth, the weakest one, the Siamese twin of the third, bound to it by a common ligament, and which people insist on trying to separate from the third-which is impossible, and, fortunately, unnecessary.
Cortot, Alfred, ed. In Search of Chopin. Translated by Cyril and Rena Clarke. New York: AbelardPress, 1952, p. 41.
I maintain that it is possible to reach a very high level of skill using fingers, but virtuosity cannot be achieved without a blended activity involving the arm. I find I use Hanon exercises in my teaching, but not for what it says on the tin. Actually, very often I use them for the precise opposite of what they are intended for, when a student has been overdoing the fingers. When all is said and done, Hanon exercises are just variations on five-finger positions with a note missed out so the patterns can move up and down the keyboard. There are times when, to teach a specific skill, such a contraption can be useful. You can put your full concentration on the activity “at hand”.
Some examples:
- I use the first one as a wrist exercise, the fingers not operating as single digits but as extensions of the hand . I start in minims with a “down” wrist movement followed by an “up”, not playing on the “up”. I make sure the range of motion is the same in both directions, and that the motion is smooth and controlled. Then, in crotchets so that the “up” motion is now used for the second note, see-saw-like. Again, there is no discernible movement from the finger itself. Then in semiquavers, one down and three up. It is important that the range of the “up” motion be shared equally between the three notes.
- Other exercises can be played with an elliptical movement, again controlled by the arm. The role of the finger is to be on the key and to be firm enough to transfer the arm energy. Concentrate instead on how little the fingers need to move.
- Having once studied for a while with a student of rotation guru Dorothy Taubman, I have seen how forearm rotation is at the root of so much that we do at the keyboard. Hanon numbers 6 and then 5 (in that reversed order) are good to develop rotation. I start with number 6 because every other note is the 5th finger, which enables a full supinated movement with the palm of the hand at right angles to the keyboard. Once this has been mastered, the same skill can be transferred to number 5, but watch that the movement between the 4th and 5th fingers is still rotary. The range of the rotary motion will depend on the interval in question – a second’s span clearly smaller than a fifth’s. Important: movement toward the thumb side of the hand (pronation) will achieve a much smaller angle than toward the 5th finger side of the hand (supination). Between each rotation, the hand returns to a level position, the rotary movement itself happening quickly and at the last instant. Oh, and the elbow needs to be passive. For those interested in the anatomy of this, here is a somewhat tedious YouTube clip. For those who want to explore this further, I can recommend the TaubmanGolandsky YouTube channel, which has 48 clips.
As always, I am keen to hear your thoughts and ideas on this subject. Feel free to leave a comment below.
If you want to read more about how I adapt Hanon exercises and to see demonstrations of this, Part 2 of my eBook Series, Practising the Piano is now available. Please see below for details of how to get your copy.
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